Methacrylated Kappa-Carrageenan Photoresins: Algal Source, Sulfation, Methacrylation, Thermo-Ionic-Photo Networks, Extrusion and DLP, Hydration and Qualification

Photocurable kappa-carrageenan systems span methacrylated kappa-carrageenan (MA-kappa-CA) that retains thermoreversible and cation-responsive assembly, dual ionic-photo bioinks, DLP formulations and composites with gelatin methacrylate or hydroxyapatite. Mihaila et al. established the chemically and physically crosslinked derivative; Lim et al. resolved the KCl/UV sequence for extrusion; Kumari et al. transferred the chemistry to DLP; and Kansiz et al. varied methacrylation and mineral loading. This review separates parent identity, substitution, thermal and ionic history, photoconversion, process, hydration, network attribution and biological evidence.

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