Photoluminescent Photopolymers in Vat Photopolymerisation: Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Cure-Spectrum Coupling, Reabsorption, Scattering and Qualification

Vat photopolymerisation can embed molecular dyes, organometallic emitters, carbon dots, nanoparticles and aggregation-induced-emission systems into three-dimensional polymer networks. Primary studies demonstrate fluorescent photopolymer objects with tunable absorption and scattering, phosphorescent DLP resins, red-emitting carbon-dot additives, photoluminescent printed waveguides, and fluorescence changes that can track network formation. These demonstrations do not make photoluminescence a single material property. Excitation spectrum, emission spectrum, photoluminescence quantum yield, prompt or delayed lifetime, afterglow decay, concentration, aggregation state, optical path length, scattering, reabsorption, cure wavelength and post-cure history can all change the observed signal. The strongest VPP-specific evidence also shows that fluorescent absorbers can strongly perturb penetration depth and critical exposure, so optical function and manufacturability must be qualified together. This review develops a state-based framework that separates fluorescent emission, phosphorescent or persistent emission, radiation scintillation and photochromic colour change; maps the principal VPP formulation and measurement couplings; proposes minimum reporting and failure-discrimination requirements; and treats 3Dresyns fluorescent and phosphorescent colouring additives only as manufacturer implementation examples. No quantum yield, lifetime, afterglow duration, spectral peak, photostability or device performance is inferred from their product names or commercial descriptions.