Enzyme Immobilisation in Printed Photopolymer Structures: Activity Retention, Mass Transfer, Leaching and Reuse

Printed photopolymer structures can immobilise enzymes by adsorption, covalent attachment, entrapment or post-print functionalisation. The engineering value arises only when retained catalytic activity, substrate and product transport, enzyme leakage and reusability are measured together. This review separates loading from active loading, intrinsic enzyme stability from reactor transport, and one-cycle conversion from long-term operational stability. It defines a qualification framework for printed immobilised-enzyme structures without assuming that conditions optimised on conventional carriers transfer to a printed reactor. ER-434.