Algae-Containing and Photosynthetic Printed Materials: Light Delivery, Gas Exchange, Growth and Mechanical Stability

Photosynthetic living materials couple a hydrated matrix to algae or cyanobacteria that require light and gas exchange while modifying their local environment through growth and metabolism. Geometry, optical attenuation, cell aggregation and carbon transport therefore determine both biological productivity and mechanical evolution. This review defines a qualification framework for printed photosynthetic materials in which light delivery, gas exchange, growth distribution, leakage and structural stability are measured together. It distinguishes cell viability from photosynthetic productivity and avoids treating bulk irradiance or nominal CO2 exposure as proof that internal cells experience equivalent conditions. ER-432.