Perfusable Vascular-Network Biofabrication: Channel Formation, Endothelialisation, Leakage, Flow and Remodelling

Perfusable vascular networks are required for transport through thick engineered tissues, but a hollow printed channel is not yet a functional vessel. Channel formation, endothelial lining, barrier integrity, flow resistance, leakage, thrombogenic response and long-term remodelling are distinct qualification layers. Biofabrication strategies include sacrificial writing, coaxial printing, embedded printing and light-patterned channels, often combined with photocurable supporting matrices. This review organises these approaches around function rather than fabrication modality. It distinguishes geometric patency from hydraulic performance and hydraulic performance from biological vascular function. Particular attention is given to endothelial coverage and junction formation, because a channel can remain physically open while leaking or exposing non-endothelial matrix to flow. Time-dependent remodelling can improve barrier function or cause narrowing, delamination and collapse. A qualification framework is proposed that integrates channel geometry, pressure-flow response, permeability, endothelial coverage, branch connectivity and tissue maturation under perfusion.

ER-330 · Version 0.6.