Piezoelectric Photopolymer Composites for Vat Photopolymerisation: Poling, Electromechanical Coupling and Device-Level Constraints
Segurola, Juan
2026-09-17 · Report · Version 1.2
VPP provides geometric freedom for piezoelectric ceramics and polymer-ceramic composites, but device performance cannot be inferred from filler identity or dielectric permittivity. Ceramic loading affects viscosity, scattering, cure depth and sintering; particle orientation and porosity affect anisotropy; poling determines domain alignment; and electrode, resonance and mechanical boundary conditions determine measured device response. Recent DLP studies of BaTiO3 ceramics demonstrate the influence of particle grading, particle size and print/process parameters, while printed transducer studies show that near-pristine ceramic response requires careful manufacturing and device integration. This review develops a qualification framework centred on printable state, polarised state and device state. It separates d33/d31 from permittivity, coupling factor and acoustic response, and requires poling and measurement protocols to be reported explicitly. 3Dresyn HP1 BTO70 is included only as a commercial research implementation example and is not treated as pre-poled or as a finished piezoelectric device. [1–7]